Quels matériaux sont utilisés dans les machines de moulage par injection?

Injection molding is a versatile manufacturing process used to create a wide array of plastic products. To perform this task efficiently, injection molding machines rely on a combination of robust materials that can withstand the high temperatures, pressions, and wear associated with the process. In this article, we will explore the materials commonly used in the construction of injection molding machines.

1. Matériaux structurels

The structural framework of an injection molding machine, including the platens, tie bars, and other supporting components, is typically made from high-strength metals.

• Fonte: Known for its excellent wear resistance and vibration damping properties, cast iron is commonly used in the construction of the platens and other heavy-duty components.
• Steel: High-strength steel alloys are used for tie bars and other structural elements that require high tensile strength and durability.
• Aluminium: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, aluminum is sometimes used in the construction of machine components where weight reduction is important.

2. Plasticizing and Injection Unit Materials

The plasticizing and injection unit, which includes the barrel, screw, and injection nozzle, is exposed to extremely high temperatures and pressures during the molding process.

• Barrel Material: The barrel is typically made from high-temperature alloys such as bimetallic barrels (a combination of inner and outer layers of different metals) to withstand the heat and wear caused by the plasticizing process.
• Screw Material: The screw is often made from hardened steel or a nickel-based alloy to resist wear and maintain dimensional accuracy under high temperatures and pressures.
• Nozzle Material: The injection nozzle is typically made from a high-temperature resistant alloy to ensure that the molten plastic flows smoothly and accurately into the mold cavity.

3. Hydraulic System Materials

The hydraulic system, which powers the clamping and injection functions of the machine, requires materials that can withstand high pressures and corrosive fluids.

• Hydraulic Cylinder Materials: The cylinders are usually made from cast iron or steel to provide the necessary strength and durability.
• Hydraulic Pump Materials: The pump components are often made from cast iron, acier, or aluminum alloys depending on the specific requirements of the pump.
• Seal Materials: Scellés, such as O-rings and seals, are made from elastomers that can withstand high pressures and temperatures while maintaining a tight seal.

4. Control System Materials

The control system, which includes the PLC, HMI, capteurs, et actionneurs, requires materials that can withstand the electronic and environmental conditions present in an industrial setting.

• Printed Circuit Boards (PCBS): The PCBs are made from fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, which is a durable and insulating material.
• Connectors and Cables: The connectors and cables are typically made from copper or aluminum alloys for conductivity, and insulated with plastics or rubbers for protection.
• Enclosures: The control system enclosures are often made from metal (such as steel or aluminum) or a plastic composite to provide protection against dust, humidité, and impact.

5. Auxiliary System Materials

The auxiliary systems, such as the cooling and lubrication systems, also require specific materials to function effectively.

• Cooling System Materials: The cooling system components, such as pipes and heat exchangers, are often made from copper, acier inoxydable, or aluminum alloys for their excellent heat transfer properties.
• Lubrication System Materials: The lubrication system components, such as pumps and reservoirs, are made from materials that can withstand the corrosive effects of lubricants, such as stainless steel or aluminum alloys.

Conclusion

Injection molding machines are constructed from a wide range of materials, each selected for its specific properties and ability to withstand the harsh conditions of the molding process. From high-strength metals for the structural framework to specialized alloys for the plasticizing and injection unit, the materials used in injection molding machines are carefully chosen to ensure efficient, fiable, and durable operation.